Summary for an article of political economy subject Essay

Summary for an article of political economy subject - Essay Example Although disregarded by many, neo-liberalisation jumped the barriers into active politics establishing themselves as the best politics nationally and internationally. By 1971, United States, Australia, Britain, and New Zealand adopted these ideas to their domestic programmes. By 1980, Neo-liberalism had grown to higher levels in Britain and United states such that it sidelined Keynesianism and social alternatives. It formed the pattern that shaped all the other policies even if its rationality would still be contested. Non-English speaking countries like Japan, Germany, and Sweden thought Neo-liberal ideas as defensive to shore up the model of capitalism, which was under pressure from other successful models. Additionally, Neo liberalism model was thought as an-outdated capitalist model that lacked analytical tools to direct policies and remedies to problems. However, Neo-liberalism remained prominent on state economies of Britons and Americans. In 1990s, neo-liberalisation triumphed after the failure of public capitalists of Germans, Swedes, and Japanese. Neo-liberalism became the dominant ideology of analysing capitalism as a global network of accumulation. One paramount influence of Neo-liberalism is that it gives priority to capital as resources rather than capital as production. This way it would give the means to disengage from commitments taken up from the Keynesian era. Many politicians are adamant to keep neo-liberalisation, which makes it difficult to win electoral support by itself. Neo-liberalism has some limitations, but some of its ideologies establish a solid basis for political and economic

Heidegger`s Being and Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Heidegger`s Being and Time - Essay Example Being and Time is a book by Martin Heidegger. It was never finished but it still continues to be an influential book, in fact, it is Heidegger’s most influential book. It is so influential that it actually had a great impact on the field of 20th century philosophy, particularly existentialism. Heidegger points out the problem of â€Å"being† than reflecting on consciousness or pre-conceived notions of a particular object. His problem was that we are slaves of that pre conceived notions and his book Being and Time chronicles all of that. Heidegger claims that Western philosophy has been misunderstood ever since Platonic times. Everyone assumes something as something â€Å"to be† rather than something for what it is. Thus, the matter of the object turns to being an object rather than being the supposed object itself. His main concern is that all objects have gotten to be slaves of history and their so-called properties that we forget about the other things the object can do. With that, we also become slaves to properties as well. For Heidegger a correct investigation of things should focus on the things or elements that are the object themselves. Heidegger also says that the reason for philosophy being misunderstood is that the philosophers have overlooked the basic facts that pre-theoretical ways offer; instead they have applied those generalizations equally to all things that they are studying. That’s why the philosophy is flawed, according to Heidegger. Thus, he proposed a new way of appreciating objects. Although he understood that we appreciate things via our innate understanding of things, such as the â€Å"common sense† which is actually prone to error. This is because as humans, we are always readily affected by our beliefs in God, our logical thinking and practically the reality. This makes our relationship with objects, particularly technology and the way of out thinking affects it. Another point that Heidegger wants to emphasize is the phenomenological approach that Husserl started. T his is existentialism on its basic roots. According to Husserl, philosophy could be and should be a description of one’s experience. For Heidegger, philosophy or the understanding of experience is already embedded in the world, therefore centuries of conditioning of how we should interpret the experience are already there, making the interpretation not as unique as one would think because it is already influenced by history and other stuff. Hence, Husserl’s understanding of reality is more â€Å"intentional†. For Heidegger, describing an experience should also consider who that description is for. Anything, with philosophy, is a possibility, and therefore one should be careful in analyzing stuff philosophically. Heidegger’s ideas, however new and noble and adventurous for his time, were not as accepted well because of his affiliations. He supported Nationalist Socialism and he was actually a member of the Nazi Party. All of his supporters claim that his p hilosophy was not affected by his Nazism or vice versa. They are saying that that affiliation is irrelevant (but others claim that being a member of the Nazi Party was a personal error on his part. The book Being and Time tries to talk about the question about the sense of being and philosophizing it in a manner that the people would understand his point. According to him, â€Å"Being is not something like a being† and the things that determine a being is based on the terms that they already understand. But for him, one should be basic abut all of these things and be fundamental about it, negating any previous ideas by using logic. This is Heidegger first academic book. It was published

Language Attitudes And Ideologies English Language Essay

Language Attitudes And Ideologies English Language Essay In a contemporary society especially in a diverse country such as South Africa, language plays an important role in defining identity. As a result of the many diverse cultures, South Africans are exposed to a vast amount of different languages. These languages form part of identity and thus are accompanied by certain language ideologies and attitudes. Language ideology may be defined as shared beliefs about language forms and practices embedded in social conflicts over power (Volk and Angelova, 2007:177). Attitudes on the other hand are closely related to ideologies, and are described as learned reactions toward a person or situation (Steinberg, 2007). This essay aims to research the effects of a multilingual university (UWC) community on language use and ideology. It will also provide reasons for these effects and how attitudes relate to language ideology. To begin the study my research population consisted of a UWC male student, age twenty five and his first language is Setswana. In order to conduct the research I first posed a question to this student. The question was as follows; Given that you have been at UWC for at least two years, what effect is your membership of a multilingual university community having on your language use and ideology? The student answered that being at UWC has changed his ideology of different languages, because of the diverse language speakers and the formation of strong friendships he has been forced to become familiar with other languages. I then used this response as a framework to begin the research. As this is a qualitative research study I have made use of the survey-questionnaire method to gather my data. I have particularly applied the Linkert Scale style questionnaire that consists of statements and of which the participants answers are among the following; strongly agree/ agree/ unsure/disagree/ strongly disagree. The participant would then provide the reasons for their answers. The statements on the Linkert Scale questionnaire were as follows: I am happy with English as the main medium of instruction at UWC I would be more successful in my academic studies if my home/first language could be used in lectures and tutorials The other languages are sufficiently developed for use at tertiary level, and should not only be used for informal communication Its a good thing that we have a common language here at UWC to help us communicate across linguistic boundaries Im pleased that Ive picked up some words and expressions in other languages here at UWC The other part of the questionnaire asked for reasons for answers and provided writing space for the students response. In this case the student then provided reasons for his response to the above statements which made up the full data which I have made use of in this essay. The findings consisted of the responses to the above statements and the reasons for the response. The participants response to statement one was that he strongly agrees with English being a medium of instruction at UWC. His reason for his response was as follows Since different students come from different backgrounds/cultures and languages its only fair to have English as a lingua Franca common to all. Thus in this case I have found that the participant feels that English is a language spoken by all students at UWC. He also suggests that it is fair to have English as a medium of instruction, because all students at UWC share the common understanding of English whether it be a first, second or third language acquisition. This explains English as a lingua franca, the term lingua franca describes a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community Holmes (1997:86). The participant in this case is happy with the f act that English is used as a medium of instruction. The students response to statement two was that he disagrees that he would be more successful academically if his first language was a medium of instruction. The students reason for this is as follows No, I am more competent in English than my mother tongue when it comes to reading and writing as I last stopped using my first language for reading and writing in standard 3. It is clear, judging by the participants response, that he has lost proficiency in his first language in reading and writing due to being educated in English for so long. As a result of being educated in English for such a long time the student seems to feel more competent with English. This evidence gives rise to the notion that English may be the predominant language for educating a multilingual society due to its global recognition. The participants response to statement three was that he strongly disagrees with the assumption that, other languages are sufficiently developed for use at tertiary level and should not only be used for informal communication. The students reason for this is When it comes to Afrikaans and Xhosa I understand because these are the languages predominantly spoken in the Western Cape, but if its other languages it would not be fair to the other 11 official languages which are not used in tertiary education. The student in this instance feels as that English, Afrikaans and Xhosa are the only three languages developed at tertiary level as there is predominance in the amount of speakers of these languages. However, the participant disagrees that other languages should be used as a medium of instruction at tertiary level because it would be unfair to those who cannot understand the language. The student also feels that should one language, other than English/Afrikaans or Xhosa, be used as a m edium of instruction at tertiary level it would be unfair to the other eleven official languages that are not used in this way. The students answer to statement four was that he strongly agrees that its a good thing that we have a common language at UWC to communicate across linguistic boundaries. The students reason for this is as follows; If it wasnt for English as a lingua franca we would all be lost unless we share a 1st language, So it very good that we have a lingua franca as we connect/communicate well. In this case it is evident that the participant feels generally pleased that there is a language that can break through linguistic boundaries. The student in this case feels that English has the power to do so as a result of its wide range of speakers. It is also clear that the student agrees that English as a lingua franca helps us to communicate with other students from different linguistic backgrounds. The last statement the partaker responded that he agrees that he is pleased he has picked up some words and expressions in other languages. His reason for this is Yes I am this helps to communicate better with student who I do not share the same 1st language with, helps to build friendships and more, it brings people together. With regard to this response it seems that the student is pleased that he is able to pick up words form other languages that help to form relationships. To conclude the findings it is apparent that language attitudes form part of ideologies. Judging by the data I have gathered the participant provided insight of his attitude toward different languages especially English. It is obvious that English is a medium of instruction that the participant is pleased with as he would not have chosen UWC as an institution for higher education if this was not the case. The participant thus has a positive attitude towards English and the ideology (shared beliefs of language forms and practices) that English is a lingua franca common to all, increases this positive attitude. In this instance it brings to mind the assumption that we attain our attitudes from our ideologies. In essence it is apparent that our ideologies influence our attitudes toward various languages and it is these components that constitute as part of our identity. Language thus forms part of identity and in a modernised multilingual society the choice of identity is open to all. To elaborate one can side with the post-modern researchers who suggest that Post-modern accounts of identity have reacted against traditional and essentialist views by proposing an almost unlimited range of identity choices (Wallace, 2008:61). We as South Africans may be faced with the challenge of the battle between predominant and minor languages in a diverse country that consists of many different languages. Yet it is still astonishing to see that an institution such as UWC is able to bring people together even if it is through the use of English as a medium of instruction.

The Myth of Exodus Essay -- Holy Bible Essays

The Myth of Exodus There are many themes running through the Old Testament myth of Exodus – slavery, rescue and redemption, guidance, commandments on how to live, the creation of a nation, and God’s power over other gods. In this paper I will explore what appears to be the chief reasoning behind the creation of the Exodus myth – the explanation of the creation of a monotheistic religion and the similarities of the Exodus myth to the ancient myths, as well as how one should approach the reading of the myth. First of all, we need to understand what a myth is. William Bascom says in his essay, â€Å"The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives†, â€Å"Myths are prose narratives which, in the society in which they are told, are considered to be truthful accounts of what happened in the remote past† (Dundes 9). Trying to prove the elements in the myth as factual are contrary to the very existence of the myth. In reading Old Testament Bible myth, the question of divine inspiration versus historical truth is often debated. â€Å"A myth makes a valid statement about the origins of the world, of society and of its institutions, about the gods and their relationship with mortals, in short, about everything on which human existence depends† (Graf 3). Further, the context in which the myth was written must be taken into account when reading the story. Bronislaw Malinowski in his essay â€Å"The Role of Myth in Life† says that â€Å"The text, of course, is extremely important, but without the context it remains lifeless† (Malinowski 201). The context that needs to be addressed when reading the myth are the cultural and sociological components that surround a mythological text. This context, consisting of the understanding of the culture in which the myth exte... ...map of proper behavior for the new society that has been liberated from slavery. Within the context of history, the myth offers future generations a glimpse of a new religions beginnings. As the new code of laws is set into place, a new and more powerful god emerges – a god of great strength, a god that supersedes all other gods, one god above all others. Works Cited Coogan, Michael D., ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Dundes, Alan, ed. Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. LA: University of California Press, 1984. Graf, Fritz. Greek Mythology: An Introduction. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. Segal, Robert A. Theorizing About Myth. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.

Personal Dilemma Paper Essay

In today’s society people face some form or type of dilemma and it could either be a personal, ethical, or moral dilemma. As individual’s we encounter personal dilemmas, whether it is professional or educational and with these dilemmas there is always some type of choice that must be made and with this choice there is either a solution or resolution or in some cases the choice that is made could either have a positive or negative effect for those involved. Within our society we are faced with ethical dilemmas on a daily basis and they come in the forms of newspapers, television, and by Internet. Some of these dilemmas could be about a Congressman/woman, Senators, Politicians, or Celebrities. For this paper the topic that has been chosen and will be discussed is Same Sex Marriage and the following will also be addressed as well: the nature of the dilemma, the ethical decision made about Same Sex Marriage, alternative course of action and why this action was taken, and th e outcome of the situation. Ethics and Morality So what is ethics and how can it affect me and the choices I make? According to Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy (2012), ethics can be defined as â€Å"the study of what is considered to be right and wrong, good and evil†. For example, let’s say that you caught your best friend cheating on his wife. What do you do? Do you confront your best friend and give him the chance to explain what is going on or do you just ignore what you saw and not say anything to either your best friend or to the wife. This is what would be considered an ethical dilemma in which there is a conflict and that some type of choice has to be made. In this type of situation no matter the type of choice you make it could affect your best friend and his wife in a positive or negative way. Morality can be defined by Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary as â€Å"†¦a system of moral conduct† leading ultimately to the living of a moral  life (Morality n.d.). For example, if an individual is faced with a moral dilemma this means he/she not only makes the decision about the conflict itself, but as a result there could be more than one action or reason why the individual chose that particular action. Basically, the individual has to make a choice, but with this choice there could be more than one solution or resolution and the decision must benefit the greater good of society in a whole. Same Sex Marriage As little girl’s we had this fantasy of what our ideal wedding would be like and it would be that the man of our dreams would be up there standing at the altar waiting for his soul mate and best friend. This is what most little girl’s dream of, but the reality of this is the fact that most boys and girls dream about marrying the man or girl of their dreams. The idea of marriage has taken on a whole if not different concept and meaning. When one thinks of marriage it is a union between a man and woman, not a union between a man and a man or a woman and a woman. Most of us may have family members and even friends that are in a same sex relationship. For most of these couples the only thing they are wanting is to not only spend the rest of their lives with their partner, but to have it legal and recognized in the state they live in. On October 14th, 2014 same sex marriage not only became legal in 23 states, including the District of Columbia, but in the first time in our h istory President Obama gave his full support to same sex marriage stating this: â€Å"At a certain point, I’ve just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married† (ProCon.org). In a decision that was made by the United Stated Supreme Court same sex couples can now be allowed to receive the same benefits as married heterosexual couples would receive. For the rest of the 20 states that have not legalized same sex marriage it would seem that there are certain laws, constitutional amendments or both prevent a same sex couple from getting married in his or her own state (ProCon.org). My Personal Belief and Reasons Why I Support Same Sex Marriage To be completely honest this issue not only hits a raw nerve with me, but I have family and friends that have been in a same sex relationship for years and have expressed to me about getting married. For example, I have a best friend, who is not only like a sister to me, but she  is considered to be part of our family. My friend and her partner live in a state where there is a ban on same sex marriage and she has expressed to me that she would like to marry her partner, but in order for that to happen she must go to another state to get married. We were both brought up and taught by our church that not only is marriage reserved for a man and a woman, but homosexuality is a sin in Godâ€℠¢s eyes. When my friend first told me of her plans to marry her partner I expressed my feelings of happiness and excitement. I have never nor will I be judgmental of my best friend’s decisions or choices when it comes to her life. As a friend I will always be supportive and I will stand with her though thick and thin. My friend and I are both bi-sexual and we are happy with our lifestyle and we do not see anything wrong with the way we live. Many times we have heard that being gay is a sin or that when we die we will not be able to go to Heaven that we are destined for a life of Hell due to our lifestyle. The dilemma in this case is that my friend and her partner do want to get married and in order to do that they must go to Minnesota, Illinois, Nevada, or New York to get married. The problem with this is the marriage will only be recognized in the state they have gotten married in and for some states you must be a resident of six month or longer in order to get married. To be perfectly honest I believe that same sex couples should be allowed to celebrate their union. If heterosexual couples can celebrate their union then why not a same sex couple? Clearly the definition of marriage has changed and people that were not fully supportive or accepting of same sex marriage are supporting the idea of same sex marriage and if same sex couples were to allowed to marry this would give them the opportunity to adopt a child and provide a stable and healthy environment for the child. In New Jersey, since making same sex marriage legal not only has the economy grown, but it has also provided new jobs and brought in additional money and with Massachusetts being the first state to legalized same sex marriage there has been a decrease in the divorce rate (ProCon.org). Reason for Decision and Outcome of the Situation With the situation of my friend and her partner wanting to getting married not only do I fully accept and support the idea of their marriage, but knowing that our government has made changes to the Defense of Marriage Act  (DOMA) is a much welcome relief and positive change (ProCon.org). With the support of the President of the United States and the Supreme Court decision that allows same sex couples to receive the same tax breaks and pension rights of married heterosexual couples this is just the beginning (ProCon.org) The next step is to lift the ban or constitutional amendments in the remaining 20 states and allow same sex couples to marry. By allowing same sex couples to marry this in no way will weaken the family values, but will only make the family values stronger and more successfully. Marriage should not be looked at as a privilege or a right, but as a reason to celebrate a union between two people that love each other not matter what their sexual orientation and the famil y unit is now being redefined as well. A family unit does consist of a mother and father, but now the family unit can consist of two mothers and two fathers raising a healthy family in a healthy environment. Conclusion Whether the dilemma you are faced with is personal, ethical or moral one thing we do know is there is always some type of conflict between the action and positive or negative consequence are made for that action or behavior. Dilemmas are personal in nature and one must find the appropriate course of action to help resolve the issue that was at hand. In the case with my friend and her partner the dilemma was simply they both wanted to get married and in order for that to happen they would have to travel to another state in order to get married, but at the same time the marriage would be recognized in the state they were married in and not the state they live in. With this type of dilemma the possibility of my friend receiving any type of benefits from her partner is looking grave and until the state lifts the ban on same sex marriage her and her partner will remain in a domestic partnership. References Braswell, M., McCarthy, B.R., and McCarthy B. (2021). Ethics, Crime, and Justice: An Introductory Note to Students. Science and Technology Morality. (n.d). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed). Retrieved from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morality ProCon.org (2014, October 14). Gay Marriage ProCon.org. Retrieved from: http://gaymarriage.ProCon.org/

Hale s letter to Danforth corrected

Your Honor, Abigail Williams is nothing but a where who wants to dance with John Proctor, an extremely moral man who had dedicated his life to God, on his wife's grave. The lies that Abigail Williams has cooked up is punishment for John Proctor for taking away her innocence. She is nothing but a where who lusts for John Proctor. Vengeance is running through Salem, Your Honor, and people who have been falsely accused will die; you will have their blood on their hands, Judge Detonator. Will you be able to sleep at night knowing you signed the death warrants of innocent people? Your gavel ill be stained blood-red.Can you live with your conscience? Your Excellency, the cries of witchcraft are the same cries as a whore's vengeance fuelled by lust. People with names whiter than white within the community of Salem are having their good name soiled and blackened. Believe that if more people are accused by whore's like Abigail Williams and you continue to devour their lies, your soul will bec ome blackened and guilt-ridden. Judge Detonator, permit me to proceed, ninety-one people have signed a testament saying that Elizabeth, Martha, and Rebecca are good respected Christian women who loud never compact with Lucifer.Should ninety-one people lie? Think not. You cannot ignore the people of Salem any longer. You cannot ignore their good opinion or soon there will be no-one left in Salem who you think is somehow is working for the devil. The people of Salem must have known this woman all their lives; if they had compacted with Lucifer, would they have concealed it from their closest friends? If the devil had been working here, why has there not been any sign of the Devil before. You believe the lies Abigail Williams is feeding you with seemingly no care for the normal people f Salem.Is there another reason why you are not taking the testament of the god-fearing people of Salem? Seriously? I've noticed you sweat like a stallion whenever Abigail Williams is near. She is manipul ative , Judge Detonator and you must not fall in her trap. Will you take the words of one child, who is intoxicated by power, over the opinions of ninety-one upstanding members of the community? The ball is now in your court, Judge Detonator. The blood of these respected Christian women will be on your hands, Your Honor. Furthermore, after witnessing Mr..Jacobs' testimony in court, it became parent that this trial was never about witchcraft in the first place. This trial is a tale about greed and power, a soulless tale about people who want things that are not theirs. How can a man who can barely stand on his own two feet be accused of terrorizing Ruth Putnam? I would think that if he was under the impression of Lucifer, he would use the power to be able to stand up without any support. Mr.. Putnam is a parasite; sucking the blood out of innocent people for his own fat belly. Rut's accusations must be dealt with separately and with great care, Your Honor.Giles Corey swears to a depo sition that Putnam forced Ruth to cry witchcraft in an attempt for more land. Corey had been in court more than twenty times, winning every case, Your Honor. Surely, you can emphasize and draw the conclusion that Corey is reliable and trustworthy and that his deposition must be considered with great thoughts and wisdom. Plead with you to look at the evidence again. If you want the blood of Mr.. Jacobs on your hands, you should listen to the lies that Ruth Putnam is feeding you instigated by her father, the very greedy Mr.. Putnam.How could you not believe the words of John Proctor? Why the man with the rest name in Salem throw away his good name after claiming to be an adulterer? It is in my good opinion that Abigail Williams seeks vengeance on John Proctor for taking her innocence. Elizabeth lied to protect her husband, just like any women would lie to protect her family life, children and husband. Even someone like Goody Proctor, who has never told a lie before. This is a natural lie to tell. I beg of you, your Honor, to reconsider your decision on sending Elizabeth to the jailhouse. You must ensure that this trial is fair.Telling Proctor and Abigail to stand with their backs facing Elizabeth was not a air way to question her. You are a noble judge. We saw John Proctor break down in court and this is not the behavior of a man who is trying to deceive or undermine the court or the trial. Your Excellency, Proctor is a well-respected farmer and his wife has no mark upon her name. They are good souls who don't deserve to be hanged due to the lies of Abigail Williams and the girls. Abigail is hell-bent on seeking vengeance on Proctor. Abigail is comparable to Lucifer. She pulled the wool over your eyes , the girls and even me at the beginning.But I saw this presence and soon will you. She has deceived most people in the village including you. Can see she has played you like a violin and Your Honor , it seems you cannot hear enough of this wretched symphony. Beg o f you, see through the evil surroundings of Abigail Williams. F you kill these innocent souls, your hands will be stained blood-red. The blood of the innocent people you have killed. Your gavel , the paper you sign , the table and your soul will be stained with blood. In addition, the women we have already convicted of witchcraft are of the lowest status in Salem: a lunatic and a beggar.As the local beggar, there is not only one person in Salem who Goody Osborne has not annoyed with her requests for bread and cider. I can imagine there are a lot of people happy to see her locked up. But, consider Your Honor, does being poor equate to being a witch? Surely Lucifer would find it too easy to win the soul of a beggar! If Lucifer had taken Goody Osborne soul, why is she still poor? She is not such a fool to part with her soul for anything less than abundant money. Sarah Good, the local lunatic is in the same position- surely you see this? The local people are afraid of her trance mumblin gs and behavior.It is easy to cry witch on someone who is not in sound enough mind to defend herself. Judge Detonator, I humbly ask you to think more on these two individuals, there really is no sufficient evidence to send them to the jailhouse as they are just poor unfortunate souls. Finally, Sir, it's in my good Opinion that the accused are good people with pure souls. They are innocent and they have been caught up in a web of lies, Judge Detonator. You know as well as do that Abigail Williams and Thomas Putnam are not reliable enough to cause the deaths of innocent people.

Chemistry- Pennium Lab Report Essays

Chemistry- Pennium Lab Report Essays Chemistry- Pennium Lab Report Paper Chemistry- Pennium Lab Report Paper The relative abundance of the pre 1 982 pennies was 50 percent, and the relative abundance of the post 1982 pennies was 50 percent. The atomic mass of Pentium that was calculated using these isotopes was 2. 795 grams. A possible source of error could have been that the scales may have not given the correct mass due to various possible technological issues. This would have affected the accuracy of the data, as well as the calculated atomic mass. The initial hypothesis as supported because the atomic mass, 2. 795 grams, is in fact the average of the average mass of the pre 1 982 pennies (3. 090 grams) and the post 1982 pennies (2. 501 grams). This relates to what we learned in class about how the atomic masses of elements are calculated: by multiplying the relative abundance of the isotope to the mass of the isotope, then add all these values up. In this lab, the pre 1982 pennies were one isotope of Pentium, and the post 1982 pennies were another isotope of Pentium. The mass of the pre 1982 pennies as different from that of the post 1982 pennies because after 1982, pennies were made with more zinc instead of copper, and zinc has a lower density than copper. This would have caused the post 1982 pennies to be lighter than the pre 1982 pennies. Additional Research: From 1793-1837, the penny was made of pure copper. Then, a combination of copper, zinc, and nickel was used to manufacture pennies (95 percent copper, 5 percent zinc and in). From 1857 onwards, the penny was made of 88 percent copper, and 12 percent nickel. This gave it a whitish color rather than a bronze color. However, the penny reappeared with its bronze color with the 95 percent copper, 5 percent tin and zinc combination. In 1962, zinc was removed from the penny, and it was made of 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc. In 1 982, the composition of the penny was changed to 97. 5 percent zinc and 2. 5 percent copper. This happened because it cost more than one cent to make a penny after the price of copper rose. Zinc was cheaper than copper, so the United States made the penny mostly out of zinc to save money.