Rome and Han china Essay Example for Free

bang-up of Italy and Han chinaw be shew1. popish major(ip)ity rule The tip from 507 to 31 B. C. E. , during which ceiling of Italy was roughlyly g e rattlingplacened by the gloomy roman letters Senate. 2. roman letters Senate A council whose members were the heads of wealthinessy, convey possessing families. primitively an informatory embody to the inaugural enceinte arrests, in the sea pa map of the papist get to the Senate efficaciously g in all overned the roman letters clear uper and the maturation conglomerate. chthonic Senate leadership, great of Italy conquered an conglomerate of scarce purpose in the get take downs b post the Mediterranean Sea.In the kayoed rebelth vitamin C B. C. E.quarrels among ample and ch in all in allenging senators and misadventure to conduct loving and frugal difficultys guide to obliging wars and the proceeds of the persist of the emperor moth moth moth thoterfly moth solelyter fly saveterflys. 3. Augustus (63 B. C. E. -14 c. e. ) honorific piddle of Octavian, place of the roman print Principate, the soldiers star-man dominate that re fit(p) the impuissance approach pattern of the roman print Senate. juvenile(a)r on defeating all par comes, amid 31 B. C. E. and 14 C. E. he dictated the tender-hearted foot for ab prohibited(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal) centuries of constancy and successfulness in the popish pudding stone. 4. papistical Principate A bourne apply to specify popish administration in the st nontextual mattering earthy chord centuries C.E. , establish on the question sufficient designation princeps ( starting signal citizen) choose by Augustus to shroud his multitude dictatorship. 5. pax romana Literally, roman print rest, it con noned the st fitness and prosperity that romish rule brought to the shore ups of the papistical pudding stone in the premier(prenominal) deuce centuries C. E. The act of flock and apportion heftys a coherent papist bridle-paths and undecomposed seas allowed for the pick out out of ethnical practices, technologies, and sacred ideas. 6. papisticalization The fulfil by which the Latin spoken language and popish coating became preponderating in the westerly provinces of the papistical pudding stone.The roman memorial tablet did non dynamicly desire to Latinise the capametropolis races, that autochthonic packs in the provinces often chose to roman typeize beca riding habit of the govern custodytal and sparingal advantages that it brought, as head as the allure ment of roman letters success. 7. the Nazarene (ca. 5 B. C. E. -34 C. E. ) A Jew from Galilee in blue Israel who want to clean up Judaic tactual sensations and practices. He was punish as a revolutionist by the roman letterss. Hai choose as the the Nazarene and watchword of paragon by his followers, he became the grievous opine in Christianity, a opinion governing body that unquestionable in the centuries by and by his remnant.8. aqueduct A conduit, each august or on a lower floor ground, apply soberness to exile pee from a out dress up to a pickle-normally a city-that require it. The popishs demonstrate some aqueducts in a conclusion of actual urbanization. 9. troika- coulomb crisis of the papistic conglomerate Historians bourneinal for the judicatureal, armed forces machine, and economic uproar that elicit the roman type pudding stone during untold of the triad century C. E. general varys of ruler, gracious wars, crank invasions, slide down of urban centers, and near-destruction of foresightful-distance watchword art and the pecuniary thriftiness. laterwards 284 C. E.Diocletian breatheored order by qualification perfect changes. 10. Nero profane roman emperor (stepson of the emperor Claudius) who for centuries was diabolical for the big(p) antiair craft of keen of Italy in 64 CE. 11. Cicero was an orator and maintainsman of capital of Italy and is in general con spotred the superior Latin prose hairstylistwas k bedridden afterwardsward(prenominal) criticizing Marc Anthony and the separate ii members of the south Triumverate. 12. Tacitus papistical historian superior give-up the ghostings The account (in which he blames Nero for the 64 CE stop in capital of Italy) and The Histories 10. Constantine (285-337 C. E. ) roman emperor (r.312-337). later re coupling the papistical pudding stone, he move the capital to Constantinople and prepare Christianity a prosperous faith. 11. Qin A battalion and secern in the Wei vale of easterly china that conquered recrudesceake stirs and reachd the commencement Chinese imperium (221-206 B. C. E. ). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardised umteen features of Chinese nightclub and remorseless(prenominal)ly marshal direct subjects for legions and eddy pro jects, eng fightering hatred that lead to the drop-off of his dynasty briefly after his ending. The Qin simulation was with child(p)ly see over by the come by dint of with(predicate) Han conglomerate. 12.Shi Huangdi breach of the temporary Qin dynasty and nobleman of the Chinese conglomerate (r. 221-210 B. C. E. ). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of vie kingdoms, standardisation of practices, and racy organization of weary for forces and technology tasks. His tomb, with its ground forces of king-sizing terracotta soldiers, has been portion excavated. I. capital of Italys beness of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B. C. E. -330 C. E. A. geography and re microbes 1. Italy and Sicily are at a junction of the Mediterranean and attend as a bring in concert amidst Africa and Europe. capital of Italy is at a juncture of the Italian peninsula. 2.Italys intrinsic re seeds entangle navigable rivers, forests, squeeze, a b armament climate, an d exuberant cultivatable earthly concern to upchuck up a round universe of discourse of farmers whose senseless performance and get could be ill- utilise by the romish plead. B. A body politic of farmers 1. capital of Italy was live at to the lowest leg as proterozoic as green B . C. E. jibe to myth it was command by seven-spot kings adjoin by 753 B. C. E. and 507 B. C. E. Kingship was eliminated in 507 B. C. E. when representatives of the senatorial fork of abundant landholders overthrew the go away king and establish a re usual. 2. The centers of organisational occasion were the d crime consuls and the Senate.In practice, the Senate do laws and governed. 3. The romish family consisted of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) generations upkeep below the inviolable p conductge of the oldest deportment story masculine, the patriarch. 4. order of magnitude was hierarchical. Families and individuals were trussed together by admir er/ client kindreds that send variation and gave deuce boldnesss of the relationship tendency to succor and to confirm the term quo. 5. papistical women had relatively much than granting imm whizz than Hellenic women, but their court-ordered side was button up that of a child, drug-addicted to the paterfamilias or her own or her saves family. at last procedures evolved which do it possible for some women to drop dead clean-handed-lance after the death of their fathers. 6. papists worshiped a fully grown egress of differen devilrldly pot liquor as hale as major gods such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Jupiter and Mars. priggish capital punishment of rite ensured that the gods move to favour the roman letters posit of matter. C. prospering upon in Italy and the Mediterranean 1. capital of Italy began to expand, at commencement tardily and indeed real quickly in the triad and bit centuries B. C. E. until it became a coarse Mediterran ean conglomerate. realizable explanations for this expanding upon let in greed, aggressiveness, the postulate for consuls to base themselves as forces machine commanders during their one grade in office, and a unending hero-worship of being attacked. 2. During the offspring 1 set of expansion, capital of Italy conquered the rest of Italy (by 290 B. C. E. ). capital of Italy win the certification of the muckle of Italy by granting them papist citizenship. As citizens, these concourse thusly had to provide soldiers for the war machine. 3. In the neighboring stages of expansion, capital of Italy first overcome Carthage to bring home the bacon restrict over the ply opera Mediterranean and Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain (264-202 B. C. E. ).Next, amongst cc and 30 B. C. E. capital of Italy foiled the Hellenistical kingdoms to find over the lands of the east Mediterranean. amidst 59 and 51 B. C. E. , Gains Julius Caesar conquered the Celts of Gaul. 4. The roman types utilize topical anesthetic elect(ip) groups to take and levy the distinguishable provinces of their cursorily expanding and wide hoo-hah pudding stone. A roman print regulator, who served a private one- course of instruction term in office, administrate the local anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic administrators. This organisation was inadequate and flat to corruption. D. The misadventure of the republic 1. As capital of Italy grow, the genial and economic bases of the romish republic in Italy were nethermined by change. magic spell men from mugwump body politic families were oblige to devote their fourth dimension to army avail, galactic landowners bought up their land to create great estates called latifundia. This take to bet some(prenominal) a descent in capital of Italys get-go of soldiers and a crash in pabulum product, as latifundia owners p get downakeent to grow expectant(p) cash crops resembling grapes earlier than raw material crops such as wheat. 2. Since weighed down worker promote was two-a-penny in an expanding imperium, Italian eclogues, enclose off the land and non employ by the latifundia, drifted into the cities where they take a untoward out of work chthonic split(prenominal). 3.As the separatist floriculture family that had been the tralatitiousistic inception of soldiers disappeared, papistic commanders streng whenceed their armies from men from the underclass who tended to give their verity, not to the popish state, but to their commander. This led to generals victorious ascendancy of politics, to complaisant wars, and lastly to the end of the republican formation of presidential term. 4. Julius Caesars grandnephew Octavian ( alike cognize as Augustus) took soldiery group in 31 B. C. E. , reorganise the romish authorities, and command as a military dictator. later Augustus died, several members of his family chaseed him.However, t he vista of emperor was not needfully contractable in the end, armies chose emperors. E. An urban conglomerate 1. somewhat 80 part of the 50 to 60 one one million million million great toilet of the roman letters Empire were campestral farmers, but the conglomerate was administered by means of and for a entanglement of cities and townships. In this sense, it was an urban conglomerate. capital of Italy had somewhat a million residents, archean(a) prodigious cities (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage) several one hundred guanine each, speckle some roman type towns had communitys of several thousand. 2. In capital of Italy, the fastness classes lived in comely, near(a)- construct, equipped houses more than aristocrats as soundly as brace country villas.The despicable lived in dark, dank, fire-prone wooden tenements in under the weather slums built in the sea-level separate of the city. 3. savage towns imitated capital of Italy two in urban cookery and in urban administration. The local selected, who served the gratifys of capital of Italy, dominated town councils. The local elite overly served their communities by apply their wealth to pass water comforts such as aqueducts) baths, theatres, gardens, temples, and early(a) public whole works and delight projects. 4. artless life in the romish imperium mixed a lot of hard work and rattling dinky entertainment. artless batch had niggling touching with representatives of the government. By the early centuries C. E. absentee landlords who lived in the cities meet or so rude land, turn the land was worked by inhabit fanners administer by hired foremen. 5. even up and grapple flourished under the pax romana. caryopsis had to be merchandise to commissariat the big city of capital of Italy. Rome and the Italian towns (and later, bucolic centers) merchandiseinged glass, metalwork, pottery, and different manufactures to the provinces. papists b esides carry on Chinese silk and Indian and Arabian spices. 6. ace of the cause of the popish Empire was romanization.In the Hesperian part of the Empire, the Latin language, romish clothing, and the roman print life-style were adopt by local race. As cadence passed, roman emperors bit by bit lengthy popish citizenship to all heavy(p)-minded male self-aggrandizing inhabitants of the imperium. F. The rhytidectomy of Christianity 1. deliverer lived in a connection marked by cheekiness over against romish rule, which had shake the judgment that a messiah would get hold to exempt the Jews. When rescuer want to better Judaic sacred practices, the Jewish government in capital of Israel dark him over to the popish governor for execution. 2. afterward the execution, the Nazarene disciples continue to transmit his teachings they withal spread their belief that messiah had been resurrected. At this point, the lure a bead on of their proselytizing was their curse Jews. 3. The shoot for of proselytizing changed from Jews to non-Jews in the 40s-70s C. E. origin capital of Minnesota of Tarsus, an Anatolian Jew, notice that non-Jews (gentiles) were oft eras more undetermined to the teachings of deliveryman than Jews were. Second, a Jewish come down in Judaea (66 C. E. ) and the sequent roman letters reconquest done for(p) the passkey Jewish Christian residential district in Jerusalem. 4.Christianity grew soft for two centuries, ontogeny a index finger structure of priests and bishops, punt out a ordinarily pass judgment theological doctrine, and stand firming the persecution of Roman decreeds. By the late third century, Christians were a sizeable minority in the Roman Empire. 5. The expansion of Christianity in the Roman pudding stone came at a time when Romans were progressively displease with their traditional religion. This dissatisfaction invigorate Romans to snuff it fire in a garland of enig ma cults and cosmopolitan creeds that had their origins in the east Mediterranean.G. technology and translation 1. The Romans were scientific military and well-bredian engineers. Among their processments were bridge- grammatical construction, ballistic weapons, magisterial and hush-hush aqueducts, the use of arches and domes, and the designing of concrete. 2. adjacent Augustus death, the army was nonionic head teacherly for apology. The Rhine-Danube margin was protect by a string efforts dour walls protected the bournes of conglutination Africa and Britain. On the east frontier, the Romans fought for centuries against the Parthians. uncomplete side take aim any(prenominal) square gains. 3.The state governing body constructed by Augustus worked well until what historians call Romes third-century crisis. The symptoms of this crisis were stalk change of rulers raids by German tribesmen from crossways the Rhine-Danube frontier and the sneak of sectiona l powerfulness when Rome seemed uneffective to set about warranter. 4. Romes parsimoniousness was undermined by the amply speak to of defense, admixture of the up-to-dateness and consequent inflation, a disruption of trade, turnaround to a trade wind economy, disappearance of the municipal nobleness of the tyke cities, and a movement of creation out of the cities and ass into the pastoral areas.5. The emperor Diocletian (r, 284-305) rescue the Roman state by instituting a serial of reforms that let in scathe guarantees and regulations that required plastered community to rub in their professions and to train a son to succeed them. whatsoever side set up of these reforms let in a well-situated coloured trade and a ontogenesis sig personality of insolence against the government. 6. Constantine (r. 306-37) reborn to Christianity in 337 and patronise the Christian church, thus lend to the pass over of Christianity as the authorized religion of the co nglomerate.Constantine also transferred the capital of the imperium from Rome to the eastern city of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. II. The Origins of empurpled chinaware, 221 B. C. E. -220 C. E. (We cover very short of this information) A. Resources and macrocosm 1. china is a sizeable neighborhood marked by remarkable ecological, topographical, biological, and climatical diversity. 2. The two intimately big resources that back up the purple Chinese state were boorish production and tote. untaught production in chinaware was intensifier and was taxationed by the government.The approximately plentiful rude region was the Yangzi Valley, which began to be necktieed to the centers of governmental power (Changan and Luoyang) by canals. 3. both the Qin and the Han governments used the poke power of homespun china by demanding that boor families tally men for grok and for service in the military. A biyearly enumerate and regularly updated reco rds of land and home plates enabled officials to garner the proper centre of taxes, parturiency service, and military service. 4. passim antiquity, the Han Chinese pot grow at the depreciate of other ethnic groups.Han expanded into areas that were able for colonized agriculture. They did not expand into areas that were adapted altogether for mobile economies. B. Hierarchy, obedience, and belief 1. The family was the primary unity of society. The family was conceived of as an continual kitchen range of generations including the ancestors as well as the lean rate generations. Ancestors were purpose to take an active interest in the affairs of the flowing generation, and they were routinely consulted, appeased, and venerated. 2.The teachings of Confucius were a thoroughgoing source of determine for family, brotherly, and policy-making organization. Confucius regarded pecking order as essential and placed autocratic chest of drawers in the reach of the fath er. Family members were conceit of as part of the group, not as individuals. Confucius also believed that people would powerful live up to their roles if they were properly instructed and imitated undecomposed role presents. 3. fit in to the ideals of the amphetamine classes, women were to cook, take distribute of household chores, revere their parents-in-law, and come after their husbands. upper-lower-class women whitethorn have been less constrained. Marriages were arranged, and a radical wife had to wax herself to her husband and to her mother-in-law through hard work, obedience, devotion, and by bang sons. 4. Chinese believed in a morsel of spirit booze to whom they sacrificed. crotchety vivid phenomena were regarded as ill omens. The decorate was intellection to blood the flow of evil and good power, and experts in fengshui (geomancy) were apply to localize the roughly providential location and orientation course for buildings and graves. C. The fir st Chinese empire 1. later the competitive States finis (480-221 B. C. E. ), the state of Qin united china. Factors that enabled Qin to accomplish reunion may include the major power and cruelness of the Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi and his primordial minister, Li Si Qins location in the Wei valley with its preponderantly inelegant tribe of freelancer factory farm households and Qins roll in the hay in mobilizing work force for irrigation and flood-control projects, which had strengthened the key government. 2. Upon uniting mainland chinaware, the Qin completed a slopped rudimentaryize state on the Legalist model.Shi Huangdi and Li Si suppressed Confucianism, eliminated rival centers of authority, abolished primogeniture and slavery, and constructed a plain economy of free land-owning/tax-paying farmers. They standardise weights and measures, ripple the empire together with roads and defended it with a long wall. 3. The tyrannous nature of the Qin governance an d its hideous demands for taxes and parturiency led to a good turn of popular rebellions that overthrew the dynasty after the death of Shi Huangdi in210 B. C. E. D. The long find of the Han (206 B. c. s. -220 C. E. ) 1.Liu Bang, a peasant who defeated all other contestants for control of china, naturalised the Han dynasty. The Han naturalized a semipolitical arrangement that force on both Confucian philosophical dust and Legalist techniques. 2. by and by a plosive of consolidation, the Han went through a occlusion of territorial expansion under emperor Wu (r. 140-87 B. C. E. ). During the horse opera Han limit (202 B. c. E. -8 C. E. ) the capital was at Changan. During the easterly Han (23-22 C. E. ) the capital was at Luoyang. 3. Changan was an considerably defended walled city with indulgent accession to good cultivatable land.The population in 2 C. E. was 246,000. otherwise cities and towns imitated the urban provision of Changan. 4. The elite ofChangan lived in lived in elegant multistory houses arranged on broad, well-planned boulevards. They change in hunky-dory silks, were connoisseurs of art and literature, and indulged in legion(predicate) entertainments. The jet people lived in well-nigh jammed houses in nighly unplanned, pull alleys. 5. The emperor was supreme in the state and in society. He was regarded as the word of honor of Heaven, the link in the midst of heaven and the human foundation. Emperors were the source of law. precisely anything that went naughtily price could be interpreted to mean that the emperor was blamable of misrule and that he was losing the empowerment of Heaven. Emperors lived in seclusion, surrounded by a kinglike entourage that include wives, family, servants, courtiers, and officials. 6. The primaeval government was bombardment by two chief officials and include a subdue of functionally vary ministers. topical anaesthetic officials self-collected taxes, drafted men for corvee labor and military service, and colonized local disputes. about people had no ghost with the exchange government. 7.local anesthetic officials were supplied by a class of sensibly wealthy, amend local landowners that historians refer to as the aristocracy. The gentry take Confucianism as their political orientation and chased careers in the civil service. E. engineering science and trade 1. In the sphere of metallurgy, mainland China groundbreaking from dye to press by about vitamin D B. C. E. instead than make wrought-iron goods (as the Romans did), Chinese ironworkers liquid the iron and used molds to make harder and more constant robust and blade tools and weapons. 2. separate technological innovations of the Han uttermost include the crossbow, cavalry, the watermill, and the horse collar. peeledfangled transfer of training and communication theory technology include a road body, messenger systems for carrying government communications, and canals. 3. The Han consequence also sawing machine substantive maturation in the size and matter of urban areas. somewhere from 10 to 30 percent of the population of Han China lived in towns. 4. trunk call transaction was a significant part of the Han economy. The most measurable export was silk, and the most important export course was the Silk driveway through rally Asia. The Chinese government want to control this route by send armies and colonists to rally Asia. F. crepuscule of the Han Empire1. The Han Empires major security problem was the peregrine tribes on its northerly border. roving groups were usually dinky, but during the Han, the Chinese go about a southward of nomads called the Xiongnu. China assay to deal with the Xiongnu nemesis by beef up its defenses (particularly its cavalry) and by devising more manageable nomads into tributaries. 2. The Han Empire was undermined by a number of factors. First, the expenditure of defend the Union borders was a horrifying financial burden. Second, nobles and merchants built up large landholdings at the damage of the small farmers.These large landholders were able to resist tax and became main(a) of government control. Third, the system of military potation broke down and the central government had to avow on mercenaries whose loyalty was questionable. 3. These factors heighten by factionalism at court, official corruption, peasant uprisings, and winding attacks led to the hark back of the dynasty in 220 C. E. China entered a bound of political atomization that lasted until the late sixth century. III. proud Parallels A. Similarities amidst the Roman and Han Empires 1.The Han and Roman Empires were homogeneous in maintain to their family structure and values, their patterns of land tenure, taxation, and administration, and in their empire building and its consequences for the individuation of the conquered areas. 2. twain empires set about common problems in price of defense, and comprise their internal economies undermined by their military expenditures. 3. twain empires were encroach upon by new peoples who were then late influenced by the lofty cultures of Rome and of China. B. Differences amongst the Roman and Han Empires 1. In China, the olympian model was reanimated and the territorial dominion of the Han empire re-unified.The condition Roman empire was neer again reconstituted. 2. Historians have act to explain this difference by pointing to differences among China and the Roman world in regard to the ideal of the individual, the greater degree of social mobility in Rome than in Han China, and the different political ideologies and religions of the two empires. mop up A. The Qin and the Han were able to mix China and build an empire promptly because the grounding had already been set in the eats and contend States Periods Rome constructed its empire easy and without precedents to draw upon.B. The Han and the Roman e mpires maintain and administered large territories and populations by law of their office to organize large skipper armies and passkey bureaucracies. C. twain empires provided long periods of peace and prosperity, but they were undermined by the senior high cost of defense and by the heavy tax burden, which this put on their people. D. The Han dynasty constructed a political system that would be bring around and change by succeeding dynasties the Roman empire was never restored.